The Ethics Of Adolescent Diversion Project Essay - 1822 Words

Upon my research I found out that there are many justices related programs from a restorative or community framework that are being offered and available to people all ages, from 0 to 4 and even 55+, races and genders. In order to determine what program I want to look deeper into and examine, I turned to the Office of Justice Programs website which lists over 400 programs available. The website points out what programs work and where tested and those that where deemed as failed researches and programs, more specifically 90 effective programs, 272 as promising, and 81 as no effect. One particular program that I was interested in and is listed as one of the effective programs and applies to my set of principles is Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP) or another name they use is Michigan State University Adolescent Project (MSUAP) which was founded and is practiced at Michigan State University. The set of principles that I found Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP) program relevant to are: restorative justice should not be mandated in a top-down authoritarian process, no single road map or blueprint for every individual involved, all persons involved must be prepared to make mistakes, assistance provided should help people involved in the long run, crime involves disruptions in a three dimensional relationship of victim, community, and offender, the primary goals should be to repair the harm, heal the victim and the community, and rehabilitate offenders. Adolescent DiversionShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing Plan For Gosford All Blacks R4103 Words   |  17 Pagesnoteworthy consequences for showcasing methodology. In the UK, the greater part of the rugby alliances have a solid fan base inside the groups. The fans of rugby change from ages, from the committed more established era to the more flexible of the adolescent that take much pride in their rugby fandom. Advertisers must recognize key sociocultural contrasts among nations to adjust their promoting procedure. In dealing with the social factors, the organization will seek to interact with the local communitiesRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesof primary deviance as fluid, and only important to researchers concerned with specific social problems at a certain time. In the years following Social Pathology, Lemert argues for the decriminalization of victimless crimes, advocates pre-trial diversion programs, and has backed away label ing determinism (Wright 1984). Howard Beckers approach to the labeling of deviance, as described in Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), views deviance as the creation of socialRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company11417 Words   |  46 Pagesand foreign markets. The Studio Entertainment division is also subject to the risk of challenges by third parties claiming infringement of their proprietary rights. Regardless of their validity, such claims may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on The Walt Disney Company. (The Walt Disney Company 10-K, 2005) Another significant factor facing Disney’s Studio Entertainment division is changing demographics in developed countries. A recentRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 Pagesof HIV/AIDS drugs in subSahara Africa and offers a considerable range of medicines and vaccines at preferential prices. Furthermore, GSK has a large RD portfolio for diseases relevant to developing countries and is also committed to undertake RD projects on which it does not expect a commercial return. Compared to other pharmaceutical companies, GSK has a comprehensive and progressive policy for access to medicines. 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Over the 35 years I have been working, I have probably managed more than 2,000 research p rojects. Each one different, but with more common ground between them than you may think. They all had a research design geared to a set of objectives. All had a method that in many cases involved a mixture of secondary and primary research or qualitativeRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagesplaces, the quest for health had occurred 2 within larger communal, ethical, or religious frameworks of meaning. By the late nineteenth century those frameworks were eroding. The quest for health was becoming an entirely secular and self-referential project, rooted in peculiarly modern emotional needs above all the need to renew a sense of selfhood that had grown fragmented, diffuse, and somehow unreal The coming of the therapeutic ethos was a modern historical development, shaped by the turmoil ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Holdens Attempt at Isolation in Catcher in the Rye Essay

As humans we sometimes seek isolation rather than human interaction for fear of being overwhelmed emotionally. For some people, comfort comes with the knowledge that alone, they are the masters of their own emotions, free from the pain of the worlds occasional bitterness and sting. In the coming-of-age tale Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger explores this phenomenon through the voice of the narrator, Holden Caulfield. Although Holden possesses a voice of intelligence, sensitivity and insight he is also bitter with the hypocrisy and ugliness that he perceives in the world around him. The vividness with which he expresses his discontent is seen manifested in the criticisms that Holden aims at various characters throughout the story. As the†¦show more content†¦There is also a sense of self-consciousness that surrounds the hat as well. Holden never fails to mention when he is going to wear the hat and even removes the hat when he is going to be around people he knows, because it was corny but he liked it that way. His self-consciousness of his hat therefore introduces a new component to the theme: Holdens want for isolation versus his desire for companionship. As the novel progresses, we realize that ironically Holdens alienation becomes the source of most of his pain throughout the book. Although he never realizes the fact that his pain is being derived from his isolation and lack of human interaction, Salinger places clues in the book that tell us that it is so. With the introduction of Sally Hayes, Salinger is able to craft a relationship that effectively depicts the conflict in Holden. It is loneliness that initially propels Holden into a date with Sally. However, during the date Holdens need for isolation returns, he didnt even know why he started all that stuff with her. The truth is he probably wouldnt have taken her even if she wanted to go. Because Sally is unable to recognize the feelings on the phoniness of school that he projects, he becomes frustrated and uses a rampaging monologue to upset her and drive her away. The only time in theShow MoreRelatedAlienation and Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger700 Words à ‚  |  3 PagesSociety In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger discusses the ideas of alienation and isolation. He notes that if one is unable to keep up with society they lose touch. Salinger portrays alienation and isolation through literary devices such as symbolism. Some of the symbolic features use in the novel is Holden’s red hunting hat which shows Holden’s uncommon desire compared to society’s desires. Another significant symbolic feature is the catcher in the rye; this represents Holden’s idea of protectingRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye824 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye Symbolism Essay J.D Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, is the story of Holden Caulfield’s loss of faith in society, and in particular adults. Salinger uses a number of symbols to demonstrate Holden’s rebellion against the phony facade of society and his desire to preserve the innocence of children, especially those he loves. Chief among them is Holden’s misinterpretation of Robert Burns’ poem â€Å"Comin thro’ the Rye†, wherein Holden mistakes the original line, â€Å"If a body meet aRead MoreReview Of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower 1569 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Organizer Adolescence is the stage in human development that prepares individuals for the transition from childhood to adulthood. Stephen Chobsky’s novel, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, are critically acclaimed coming of age stories that document the turbulence of adolescence. The protagonists of these novels, Charlie and Holden Caulfield, both encounter common themes in adolescence such as alienation, confusion of sexuality, and loss ofRead MoreJ.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye and Burr Steers Igby Goes Down1493 Words   |  6 Pages Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreComparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down1552 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 PagesOne must inevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Although holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a meansRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Sound And The Fury 1688 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is a modern novel focused on identity. The novel focuses around the life of a confused young man named Holden who is lost in his adolescents and struggling to find his way into adulthood. The Sound and The Fury written by William Faulkner, is a novel that takes place in Mississippi and follows the decline of the Compson family. The construction of the novel is split into four different parts, where each one is narrated by a different character. Benjy, JasonRead MoreSalinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey1780 Words   |  8 Pagesdont function well as human beings when were in isolation.† This quotation pertains to the protagonists in both The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger. Both protagonists overcome estrangement when they learn from their siblings the underlying reason behind their feelings of isolation. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield fails to form a connection with others at Pencey Prep and escapes to New York City in an attempt to overcome his alienation. Similarly, in Franny andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1080 Words   |  5 Pagesonly one present. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers hypocrisy, self-Isolation and the deception of adult-hood are themes that re-illiterate the coming of age for young-adults like Holden Caulfield and Igby Slocumb. At times, we as people forget the standards we claim set upon ourselves to embrace yet forgetting to act upon it. This entitlement of hypocrisy carries out commonly amongst The Catcher in The Rye and Igby Goes Down. It is portrayedRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Songs2572 Words   |  11 Pagesworld around him. As he says to Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on â€Å"the other side† of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn’t belong. As the novel progresses, we begin to perceive that Holden’s alienation is his way of protecting himself. Just as he wears his hunting hat (see â€Å"Symbols,† below) to advertise his uniqueness, he uses his isolation as proof that he is better than everyone else around him and therefore above interacting with them. The truth

Organizational Behavior for Academy of Management - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behavior for Academy of Management Journal. Answer: Techniques used by the top management or the manager to increase the level of motivation of the employees Yes, I agree with the study that the managers should use motivation techniques, so that the employees can feel motivated and work in effective manner. The article gives main concentration on the techniques that should be considered by the managers, so that the productivity level can be increased. The thesis on which the focus is given is related with the techniques that are used by the top management so that the level of motivation of the employees can be enhanced in proper way. The main responsibility of the manager of Cerkezkoy is to give motivation to the employees, so that the efficiency can be seen in the work. It is very essential to attain the positive results to sustain in the market. If the organization is not able to attain the positive results then it can be very difficult for the organization to exist in the competitive market. The strength which is analyzed in the article is that the motivation techniques and methods give assistance to attain the goals of the organization. For the employees who are working in the organization, the support is considered as an important part. The support should be given to the top management, so that they can easily complete their activities or tasks on time. If the employees work efficiently, then it gives direct impact on the profitability of the organization. The employees or an individual who are working in the organization have their own needs and drives. The manager should analyze the needs so that motivation can be given to the employees, so that the work can be completed in an efficient manner (Vidyarthi, Anand and Liden, 2014). Motivation is a method which initiate and gives emphasis on the behavior of an individual or an employee who is working in the organization. The personal requirements of an employee are satisfied, as long as the individual is motivated to complete the task. It is seen that the manager can only attain the goals and objectives when he can maximize the level of satisfaction of both the employees and the organization. The motivation gives direct impact on the results of the organization. If a company takes into consideration to manufacture the products in large quantity to meet the needs and wants of the consumer and on the same hand if the employee is not motivated towards the work, he production capacity will be reduced and the organization has to face the negative results. The employees are as very important aspect of the organization. No matter how updated the organization uses technology, employees are very essential to conduct and operate the day to day operations of the organizati on (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014). If the business is successful, then there is a great factor behind it which is related with the level of motivation of the employees. If any of the employees are not motivated or have dissatisfaction from the job then it can give negative result and also hinder the working pattern of the employees. The growth and success of the company depends upon the motivation level of the employees working in the organization. To enhance the level of motivation, the company should use the methods like conducting fun activities at the workplace, programs which are related with compensation, training and also development (Greco, Charlier, Christopher and Brown, 2014). Job satisfaction of the employees is minimizing who are working in the organization. There are many employees who are attracted towards the job which give the balance between the work and family life. It is seen that employee turnover is considered as a very serious problem in the corporate environment. The employees who are not satisfy with the job leaves the organization which creates a major problem for the organization. So to retain more and more employees in the organization, motivation should be done by the top management. Turnover cost can result in very expensive and high. The financial performance of the organization is directly affected (Wilson, 2014). The employees who are working in the organization should feel comfortable to conduct its operations. If the employee is comfortable to work in an organization, then it can be beneficial for the organization and also for the employee. Every employee wants a good environment in which they can conduct their operation effectively. If the employees are not comfortable in conducting the operations, then it can be very difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. The whole responsibility is on the manager to create a good working environment for the workers (Phillips and Phillips, 2016). It is also analyzed that the employees who are conducting the same task on daily basis get bored which gives the negative impact on the job performance. If the level of job performance is low then it is seen that the quality of work and productivity level also decreases. In this situation not only the employee suffers the drawbacks but the company also faces a huge loss. So, it is very essential for the top management or the managers to use the techniques related with motivation (Ford, 2014). To enhance the level of motivation the employees, the managers should try to make accurate job description. It is a type of a document which clearly tells about the responsibilities and duty of the employees (Barrick, Thurgood, Smith and Courtright, 2015). The leadership skills should be implemented by the top managers which will assist the organization to analyze the opportunities which are related with growth and the employees of the organization. The managers should tell about the ideas which are related with finding the opportunities and to enhance the skills of the employees (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). Motivation is an important factor that will help the employee to know about the opportunities that are prevailing in the professional sector. If the job description is made then it can be easy for the organization to enhance the strength of the employees who are bored from their job. By participating in the job description the employees can easily perform their roles and responsibilities and can also enhance their capacity to work in effective manner (Sung and Choi, 2014). In this article it is seen that there are employees who are engaged in the weaving and manufacturing industry. The total numbers of employees are 229 from which 183 are working in the industrial area of weaving and 46 workers are working in the manufacturing plant. By supporting the thesis statement, it is argues that the motivation techniques enhances the efficiency of the workers. There are various theories which are based on enhancing the level of motivation. It is seen in Abrahams Maslow theory of needs which are based the five needs. The hierarchy needs are: Physiological: It consists of the needs which are the basic necessity of an individual. It is concerned with the needs and wants that are very essential for an individual. Safety: It consists of the needs which are concerned with the security and emotional harm of an individual. The managers should give main focus on this, as it can enhance the efficiency of the employees. Social: This need is concerned with the social belongingness of an individual. Esteem: It consists of two factors internal and external in which the self-respect, status and recognition is well defined. The manager should give focus on the needs of an employee, so that the employee can feel happy to conduct its operations. Self-actualization: In this the self-fulfillment needs of an employee or an individual should be analyzed in effective manner (Maslow, 2015). By analyzing this theory, it is seen that the manager gets an idea to enhance the motivation level of the employee by taking into consideration the needs of an individual. The theory is logical and gives a proper understanding of the needs and wants of the consumers (Jehanzeb and Bashir, 2013). Motivation also helps the employee to earn incentives. If the employee is motivated, then it is seen that the work conducted by them is done in proper way and with full dedication and confidence. So, by analyzing the whole article, it can be easily said that motivation is a beneficial technique or the method that should be adopted by the organization, to enhance the productivity and profitability of the organization. By analyzing the article it is seen that it gives a proper outlook of the benefits that can be easily attained by the organization and the employees. The techniques that are implemented by the organization will give a direct effect on the working pattern of the employees and will also help increase the efficiency of the employees (Paill, Chen, Boiral and Jin, 2014). If the employees are efficient towards the work, then it can be a great advantage for both the organization and for the employees, as it can give an opportunity to an employee to earn more and more incentives . References Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.111-135. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Greco, L.M., Charlier, S.D., Christopher, J. and Brown, K.G., 2014. Technological Advances in Employee Training and Development. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Maslow, A.H., 2015. A theory of human motivation.Classics of Organization Theory,50, p.142. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Phillips, J.J. and Phillips, P.P., 2016.Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412.

Characteristics of Developing Countries free essay sample

The Structure of Industry †¢ It is widely assumed that all developing countries depend upon the production and exporting of primary products. †¢ While this may be true of many developing countries, many are reliant on basic manufactured products for exports. eg: Bangladesh) †¢ Others such as Cape Verde and Maldives are actually mainly exporters of services in the form of tourism. 6. Per Capita Income Levels †¢ Although it is often assumed that all developing countries have very low levels of income per capita, we should be aware that there are marked differences between per capita income from developing country to developing country. †¢ Venezuela has a high GDP per capita, but it is still very much a developing country. 7. Political Structures Developing countries have very different political structures from each other. Democracies Such as Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico Monarchies Such as Brunei and Tobago Military Rule Such as Myanmar and Pakistan Single Party Rule Such as China, Cuba and Syria Transitional Political Systems Where a country is in transition often caused by conflict and civil war and cannot be classified (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Developing Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. Somalia) Within each structure, there are of course many substructures. Example Democracies may be presidential systems, semi-presidential systems, parliamentary republics or constitutional monarchies. o The main point is that with developing countries being so diverse in their systems or government, it is very difficult to establish one-size-fits all solutions to developmental problems. To conclude, we can say that while there are some common characteristics that are held by developing countries to some degree, there are also several significant differences. o One must be very cautious in making generalizations that imply that all developing countries are the same Characteristics of Developing Countries free essay sample Characteristics of Developing Countries BY Hafeez260 The theme of this essay is: the importance of a study of other semi-developed countries as they struggle for economic growth, the elimination of mass poverty and, at the political level, for democratisation and the reduction of reliance on coercion. New countries are finding their voices in all sorts of ways and are managing to interest an international audience. South Africa is not least among them; contemporary international consciousness of the travail of our particular path towards modernity testifies at least to a considerable national talent for dramatic ommunication and (for those who care to look more deeply) a far from extinct tradition of moral conscientiousness. One aspect of this flowering is a rapidly growing crop of social scientific studies of semi-developed countries of which this university is fortunate to have a substantial collection, contained mainly in the library of Jan Smuts House. From this literature, one can extract five themes of particular interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Developing Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first is the problem of uneven development and effective national unification, especially in deeply divided societies. Capitalist development has mpinged on semi-developed countries from outside rather than transforming slowly from within, incorporating different groups in different ways. Particular problems arise when differential incorporation coincides in substantial measure with boundaries between ethnic groups. If Donald Horowitzs remarkable study of ethnic groups in conflict is right, more energy goes into attempting to maximise differences in the welfare of in groups and out groups than into maximising their Joint welfare, with adverse consequences for the possibilities of building the national political and economic institutions required for development. Gordon Tullock has argued that this is an additional reason for preferring market-based rather than state-led economic growth in deeply divided societies. In itself it is, but the secondary effects of different paths on distribution have to be taken into account. In so far as they lead to worsening differentials between groups, the possibility of heightened conflict is created. The only long-term hope is to make ethnic boundaries less salient; the happiest outcome would seem to be when ethnicity becomes decorative in a high income economic environment. This is likely to be the work of decades, perhaps of enturies; even so, appalling retrogressions always seem to remain possible. The consequence of deep divisions is that there is likely to exist an unusually large number of prisoners dilemma situations. The prisoners dilemma arises when partners in crime are apprehended and held separately. The prisoners will be Jointly better off if they do not inform on each other, but each prisoner will be better off if he informs on the other, while the other does not inform on him. Attempts at individual maximisation may lead to both prisoners informing on each other which leads to the orst Joint outcome. The dilemma arises because of the absence of the o pportunity for co-operation. ) Under such conditions, negotiation skills are at a premium. There are also advantages in the acceptance of a deontological liberal philosophy which (in the shorthand of political philosophers) places the right over the good. This involves seeking to regulate social relations by Just procedures while leaving individuals as free as possible to pursue their own, diverse conceptions of the good life. Such an attention should be paid simultaneously to the reduction of poverty. The analytical Marxist, Adam Przeworski has analysed analogous problems which arise in the case of severe class conflict. In his view, social democratic compromises are held together by virtue of the propensity of capitalists to reinvest part of their profits with the effect of increasing worker incomes in the future. Class compromise is made possible by two simultaneous expectations: workers expect that their incomes will rise over time, while capitalists expect to be able to devote some of their profits to consumption. In conditions of severe class conflict, these expectations about the future become ncertain, time horizons shorten, workers become militant, capitalists disinvest and political instability results. Three forms of resolution are available: stabilising external intervention, negotiation or renegotiation of a social contract or the strengthening of the position of one or other class by a shift towards conservatism or revolution. Przeworskis sternest warnings are to Marxists who assume that revolution and the introduction of socialism is the inevitable outcome of a crisis. The second theme in the literature on semi-developed countries has to do with their position within the world economy. Three related sub-themes can be identified. Firstly, there has been a debate about the forms and limits of the diffusion of industrialisation. Dependency theory now somewhat out of fashion, since its predictions of severe limitations on industrialisation in developing countries have been falsified asserted that relationships between developing and developed countries are such as to keep the latter in perpetual economic subordination. The contrary thesis that advanced industrial countries have had to deal with increased competition arising from quite widespread diffusion now seems more plausible.

The Metamorphosis The Potrait Of KafkaS Li Essay Example For Students

The Metamorphosis: The Potrait Of KafkaS Li Essay fe Vishal S Shah ENG 102-058 04-18-01 The Metamorphosis: The Potrait Of KafkaS Li Essayfe The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka is considered one of the few great, poetic works of the twentieth century. Addressing The Metamorphosis, Elias Canetti, a Nobel Prize-winning author, has commented, In The Metamorphosis Kafka has reached the height of his mastery: he has written something which he could never surpass, because there is nothing which The Metamorphosis could be surpassed by one of the few great, perfect poetic works of this century (Corngold ix). There are many symbolisms and parallelisms used in the story. Kafkas disturbing, symbolic fiction, especially The Metamorphosis, written in German, not only prefigures the oppression and despair of the late 20th century but also is an account of the dramatic transformations that had occurred during his own life (Kafka Franz, Funk, 2000). This beautifully written masterpiece of Kafkas is clearly symbolic of his own life and nightmare-like life experiences he had with his father. We will write a custom essay on The Metamorphosis: The Potrait Of KafkaS Li specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Suppose all that you have always valued in your life was shown to be an illusion. What if your precious beliefs, maxims, platitudes, and traditions were inverted and distorted beyond recognition? You suddenly realize that what is good is bad; what is beauty is foul; what is virtue, vice. What if all your points of reference were to shift: North becomes South; black becomes white; deviant becomes saint; saint becomes deviant. Suppose that this transformation a metamorphosis of perception were to come to you and you alone. Suddenly you awake, and in utter solitude you discover that SHAH 2 your values have reversed along with you: you are a roach! (http://www.vr. net/her). Your world is abruptly and totally changed! This is Gregor portrayed in Kafkas The Metamorphosis. With the opening of the story, Kafka right away jumps into the woken yet uneasy dreamy state of Gregor, a young commercial traveler. With the rise of Gregor, Kafka describes the dull, gloomy and humid environment that foreshadows the decay and deterioration of Gregors life. As soon as Gregor opens his eyes, he finds himself positioned in an uncomfortable manner and transformed into a monstrous vermin or a gigantic insect, a worthless creature, with his hard armor-plated back lying on the bed: He was lying on his hard, as it were armor-plated, back and when he lifted his head a little he could see his dome-like belly divided into stiff arched segments (Kafka 296). With this arresting opening, Kafka has set his mysterious psychological fantasy in motion. He plainly describes Gregors uneasiness of keeping himself balanced in his bed. His numerous pitifully thin legs waved helplessly in the air before his eyes (296). Just so the readers are not left in confusion, Gregor asserts that It was not a dream, and sees for himself, in disbelief, that he is still in his own regular human bedroom, with a collection of cloth samples widespread on the top of the table (296). Slowly and gradually, we notice Gregors difficulty in getting up from his bed and his effort to get up safely without hurting hims5elf. This is clearly seen when the narrator says, If he tried to bend a leg, it first straightened out; and if he finally succeeded in taking charge of it, the other legs meanwhile all kept carrying on, as if emancipated, in extreme and painful agitation SHAH 3 (297). Through this description of his difficulties one can clearly see his miserable suffering and his slowly deteriorating health. The use of lengthy descriptions of the difficulties that Gregor faces probably signifies Kafkas actual feelings and pains that he suffered within his life, mainly during his childhood. Gregors difficulties in getting up from his bed actually relate to the difficulties that Kafka faced the very morning of the initial composing of The Metamorphosis. In regard to this he wrote Felice Bauer, his German fiance: I was simply too miserable to get out of bed. It also seemed to me that last night my novel got much worse, and I lay in the lowest depths. Ill write you again today, even though I still have to run around a lot and shall write down a short story that occurred to me during my misery in bed .

Importance of Wait Time in Education

Importance of Wait Time in Education Wait time, in educational terms, is the time that a teacher  waits before calling on a student in class  or for an individual student to respond. For example,  teacher presenting a lesson on presidential terms of office, may ask the question, How many years can a president serve as president? The amount of time that a teacher gives students to think of the answer and raise their hands is called wait-time, and research published over forty years ago is still used to show that wait-time is a critical instructional tool. The term was first coined by Mary Budd Rowe in her research paper, Wait-time and Rewards as Instructional Variables, Their Influence in Language, Logic, and Fate Control (1972). She noted that on average, teachers paused only 1.5 seconds after asking a question; some wait only a tenth of a second. When that time was extended to three seconds, there were positive changes to students and teachers behaviors and attitudes. She explained that wait-time gave students a chance to take risks. Exploration and inquiry require students to put together ideas in new ways, to try out new thoughts, to take risks. For that they not only need time but they need a sense of being safe (4). Her report detailed several of the changes that came about when students were provided wait-time: The length and correctness of student responses increased.The number of no answers or I dont know responses by students decreased.The number  of students who volunteered answers increased greatly increased.Academic achievement test scores tended to increase. Wait Time is Think Time Rowes study had focused on elementary science teacher using data recorded over five years. She had noted a change in teacher characteristics, flexibility  in their own responses, when they purposefully allowed wait-time of three to five seconds, or even longer. In addition, the variety of questions asked in class became varied. Rowe concluded that wait-time influenced teacher expectations, and their rating of students they may have considered slow changed. She suggested that more work should be done concerning direct training of students to take time both to frame replies and to hear other students. In the 1990s, Robert Stahl from Arizona State University took up Rowes suggestion and followed up on her research. His study Using Think-time Behaviors to Promote Students Information Processing, Learning, and On-task Participation: An Instructional Model explained that wait-time was more than a simple pause in instruction. He determined that the three seconds of wait time of uninterrupted silence offered in questioning and answering was an opportunity for intellectual exercise. He found that during this uninterrupted silence, both the teacher and all students can both complete appropriate information processing tasks, feelings, oral responses, and actions. He explained that wait-time should be renamed as think-time because, Think-time names the primary academic purpose and activity of this period of silenceto allow students and the teacher to complete on-task thinking (8). Stahl also determined that there were eight categories of uninterrupted periods of silence that comprised wait-time. These categories described the wait-time immediately following a teachers question to a dramatic pause a teacher may use to emphasize an important idea or concept. Practicing Wait-time in the Classroom Despite the undisputed research, wait-time is a teaching tool that is often not practiced in the classroom. One reason may be that teachers are uncomfortable with silence after asking a question. This pause may not feel natural to wait to call on students. Taking three to five seconds, however, before calling on a student is not a lot of time. For teachers who may feel pressured to cover content or want to get through a unit, that uninterrupted silence can feel unnaturally long, especially if that pause is not a classroom norm. Another reason that teachers may feel uncomfortable with uninterrupted silence could be a lack of practice. More veteran teachers may already set their own pace for instruction which would need to be adjusted, while teachers entering the profession may not have had the opportunity to try wait-time in a classroom environment. Implementing an effective wait-time of three to five seconds is purposeful and takes practice. To better practice wait-time, some teachers implement a policy of only selecting students who raise a hand. This can be hard to enforce, especially if other teachers in the school are not requiring students to raise their hands. If a teacher is consistent and reinforces the importance of hand-raising in response to a question, students will eventually learn. Of course, teachers should realize that it is much harder to make students raise their hands if they have not required to do so from the first day of school. Other teachers may use a student lists or popsicle sticks or cards with student names to ensure that every student is called upon or that one student does not dominate the responses. Teachers also need to be aware of student expectations when implementing wait time. Students who are in competitive, upper-level courses and who may be used to quick-fire questions and answers might not initially find a benefit from wait time. In these cases, teachers would have to use their expertise and varying the amounts of time before calling on students to see if it does make a difference to either the number of students involved or the quality of the answers. Like any other instructional strategy, a teacher may need to play with wait-time to see what works best for students. While wait-time may be an uncomfortable strategy for teachers and students at first, it does get easier with practice. Teachers will notice a better quality and/or an increase in the length of responses as students to have the time to think of their answer before raising their hands. Finally, student-to-student interactions may increase as students become better able to formulate their answers. That pause of a few seconds called wait-time or think-time can make a dramatic improvement in learning.

Exercise Deprivation on Mood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercise Deprivation on Mood - Essay Example The tend to exercise more due to the guilt of overeating and when it helps in maintaining the body and also improves the mood, the habit would become habitual, which could turn fatal to the health of the individual. This type of behavior is found commonly among college goers who heavily depend on exercises to keep themselves fit and healthy and achieve a greater level of mood satisfaction. Apart from normal individuals, exercise plays a vital role in case of athletes who need to maintain a certain level of fitness to overcome the pressures of the game. However, there has not been much research that has focused on what impact will exercise dependence have in case of athletes. Thus the article provides a comparative study on the impact of exercise dependence and withdrawal on the mood changes in both athletes and non-athletes. In this correlational study 46 athlete and 34 non-athletes female participants were included. The athlete participants were not in-season players and were not attending any training at the time of the study and the sports in which they were engaged included basketball, football, swimming and diving. The non-athletes on the other hand exercised for two hours per week. The age, height, weight, demography and exercise dependence status of the participants using a exercise dependence scale were obtained.